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%SOURCES OF CONFUSION 800430
It is often assumed that the confused student is
stupid, that confusion is the result of lack of ability or
ignorance. Yet, occasions do arise in which superior
ability and extra information contribute to confusion---
because the person with extra ability and information has
more opportunities to experience confusion by virtue of
greater/broader awareness. A virus has very few ways it
can be confused compared to a genius. Through greater
awareness the genius has more opportunities for confusion
than the typical person. Effective teachers help students
by recognizing possible sources of confusion, and helping
the students to recognize the possible sources of their
confusion.
Confusion occurs when incorrect similarities or
differences are perceived. Confusion occurs when twin
brother John is taken to be twin brother Jack; different
persons can have their differences over-looked and
confusion occurs. Failing to perceive differences
generates confusion when the unperceived differences are
important. Treating one situation as if it were a
different situation will generate confusion.
Confusion will occur if no difference is present, and
one perceives that there is a difference. If you think
that twin brother John has left the room and been replaced
in the room by twin brother Jack (while John is still
present) conversations with John (perceived as if he were
Jack) will involve confusion until the perceived
difference is recognized as a mis-perception, an incorrect
perception of a difference.
Human understanding is rooted in the perception of
similarities and differences. Consider: simile, analogy,
ratio, proportion, image, equality, comparison, contrast,
metaphor, allegory, personification, satire, irony,
parable, fable, model, theory, law, equation, graph,
picture, drama, story, etc. They point to similarities
and differences so as to relate the unfamiliar to the
familiar. Confusion arises when inappropriate perceptions
of similarities and differences occur. To get to the
roots of the confusion it is necessary to recognize the
elements of perception and the inappropriate relationship
perceived between them.
(c) 2005 by Paul A. Smith in
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