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This is http://www.essayz.com/a9111091.htm Previous-Essay <== This-Essay ==> Following-Essay Click HERE on this line to find essays via Your-Key-Words. {Most frequent wordstarts of each essay will be put here.} ========================================================== %INTEGRATIVE SPECIALIST GENERALIST LIMITS KNOW 911109 As human knowledge expands exponentially it becomes less and less possible for individual humans to have an overview of the scope of human knowledge in all its details. Each generation of Ph.D. candidates finds it harder and harder to get to the frontier of human knowledge to make contribution to the expansion of human knowledge. Each candidate becomes familiar with a more narrow path to the frontier of knowledge, than did the candidates of the previous generation. As human knowledge expands exponentially, due to human limitations each generation become less able to integrate the variety of specialized disciplines to see how human knowledge may be helpfully used to deal with real human situations. The more time that each person puts into becoming an expert in some narrow path to the frontier of human knowledge, the less time each person has to see how the knowledge which they acquire may be relevant to real human needs. Thus specialization leads us ultimately to the need for specialists in integrating specialists; in promoting dialogue among specialists and in integrating the knowledge which specialists create. The process of integration is difficult because there is so much knowledge to deal with. It is additionally difficult because the specialists whose knowledge needs to be integrated are not likely to respect the need for integration. Neither are highly competent specialists likely to respect the efforts of integrative people who have failed to demonstrate any grounds for specialist's respect; because they have failed to demonstrate competence as a narrow specialist. Any person who spends enough time to develop the breadth of knowledge needed to serve helpfully as a specialist in integrative studies, will not have enough time to demonstrate competence as a narrow specialist in the manner of a traditional Ph.D. degree. Thus it is essential to develop a recognition of the need for specialists in integrative studies. Each community of specialists needs to have associated with it a few specialists who are especially familiar with the specialty, but who are also experts in integrative studies. Each specialty which fails to have associated with it specialists in integrative studies is likely to become alienated from the totality of human knowledge, and alienated from the human community as a whole. The more successful specialists are in creating new knowledge, the more essential it will become to have specialists in integrative studies associated with each professional specialty and sub-specialty. (c) 2005 by Paul A. Smith in (On Being Yourself, Whole and Healthy) ==========================================================